Author name: Rifat

Identification of Parts of Speech In English grammar, identifying the part of speech a word belongs to is crucial for understanding its function and role within a sentence. The reference text offers some helpful tips and patterns to aid in this identification process. Identifying Nouns Verb + Suffix = Noun: Certain suffixes, when added to verbs, often result in the formation of nouns. Examples: -er, -or, -ar, -ee, -tion, -sion, -ment, -age, -iour, -y, -ance, -ence. Keep (verb) + -er = Keeper (noun) Act (verb) + -ion = Action (noun) Adjective + Suffix = Noun: Similarly, specific suffixes added to adjectives can create nouns. Examples: -ness, -cy, -y, -ship, -ism, -ity, -ety, -hood, -dom. Kind (adjective) + -ness = Kindness (noun) Free (adjective) + -dom = Freedom (noun) Identifying Verbs Adjective + Suffix = Verb: Some suffixes, when attached to adjectives, can generate verbs. Examples: -en, -ise, -ize. Light (adjective) + -en = Lighten (verb) Modern (adjective) + -ize = Modernize (verb) Noun + Suffix = Verb: Likewise, certain suffixes can convert nouns into verbs. Examples: -ify, -ize. Agony (noun) + -ize = Agonize (verb) Prefix + Adjective/Noun = Verb: Prefixes like ‘re-‘, ‘de-‘, and ’em-‘ can be added to adjectives or nouns to form verbs. Re- + new (adjective) = Renew (verb) De- + frost (noun) = Defrost (verb) Identifying Adverbs Adjective + ‘-ly’ = Adverb: The most common way to form an adverb is by adding ‘-ly’ to an adjective Swift (adjective) + -ly = Swiftly (adverb) Exceptions: Some words function as both adjectives and adverbs without the ‘-ly’ ending (e.g., high, fast, hard). Some adverbs have two forms (with and without ‘-ly’), often with subtle differences in meaning late (adjective/adverb – not on time) vs. lately (adverb – recently) Noun/Adjective + ‘-wards’ = Adverb: The suffix ‘-wards’ can be added to certain nouns or adjectives to create adverbs indicating direction Home (noun) + -wards = Homewards (adverb) Other Suffixes: Adverbs can also be formed using suffixes like ‘-wise’, ‘-long’, ‘-ways’ Other + wise = Otherwise (adverb) Identifying Adjectives Noun + Suffix = Adjective: Various suffixes can transform nouns into adjectives Examples: -like, -ish, -y, -ful, -less, -ous, -able, -some, -ic. Child (noun) + -ish = Childish (adjective) Danger (noun) + -ous = Dangerous (adjective) Verb + Suffix = Adjective: Suffixes like ‘-able’ and ‘-ible’ can convert verbs into adjectives Read (verb) + -able = Readable (adjective) Key Points to Remember Context Matters: The same word can function as different parts of speech depending on its usage in a sentence. Always consider the context to determine the word’s role Suffixes and Prefixes: Pay close attention to suffixes and prefixes, as they often provide strong clues about a word’s part of speech Irregular Formations: Be aware that some word transformations don’t follow clear patterns and may need to be memorized Practice and Exposure: The more you read and analyze sentences, the better you’ll become at identifying parts of speech By familiarizing yourself with these patterns and practicing their application, you’ll develop the ability to quickly and accurately identify parts of speech, which is fundamental for understanding English grammar and effective communication. Let me know if you have any other questions or would like more elaboration on specific aspects!

Interjection Definition: An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion or sudden feeling. It is often used independently in a sentence and punctuated with an exclamation mark (!). Examples: Ah! (Expressing surprise or realization) Alas! (Expressing sorrow or regret) Bravo! (Expressing approval or admiration) Hurrah! (Expressing joy or excitement) Hush! (Calling for silence) Oh! (Expressing various emotions like surprise, pain, or pleasure) Key Points: Interjections convey spontaneous emotions or reactions. They are typically short exclamations. They are often used independently and punctuated with an exclamation mark. Some common interjections include: Joy: Hurrah! Grief: Alas! Surprise: Ah!, Ha!, What! Approval: Bravo! Additional Notes: The reference text also mentions “interjection phrases,” which are groups of words serving a similar function. Examples include: Well done! For shame! Oh dear! Oh my God! Interjections can add emotional depth and vividness to your language. They are commonly used in informal speech and writing. However, use them sparingly in formal contexts. Ensure the interjection aligns with the intended tone and emotion of your message. Remember: Interjections are powerful tools for expressing emotions directly. Use them judiciously to enhance your communication. Be mindful of the context and audience when incorporating interjections into your writing or speech. I hope this comprehensive guide on interjections is helpful! Feel free to ask if you have any more questions.

Conjunction Definition: A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses, establishing relationships between them. They act as bridges, linking different parts of a sentence to create a cohesive and meaningful whole. Examples: “Ritu and Ruhi are two sisters.” (Connects two nouns) “Muttalib is poor but honest.” (Connects two adjectives) “Read, or you will fail.” (Connects two clauses) Types of Conjunctions The reference text outlines three primary types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions Connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical rank. Examples: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet Subordinating Conjunctions Connect a dependent (subordinate) clause to an independent (main) clause, establishing a relationship of dependency. Examples: after, before, till, until, since, when, while, where, wherever, as, because, since, that, so that, in order that, lest, unless, if, though, although, even though Correlative Conjunctions Appear in pairs, correlating or linking two sentence elements that are grammatically equal. Examples: both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, as…as, so…as Coordinating Conjunctions in Detail Coordinating conjunctions are further classified into four categories based on the relationship they establish: Copulative/Cumulative Conjunctions (expressing addition or accumulation) Examples: and, also, as well as, besides, both…and, moreover, not only…but also “Ratan as well as his friend has come.” “Both Laboni and Saba have done the work.” Alternative Conjunctions (expressing choice or options) Examples: else, either, or, either…or, neither, nor, neither…nor, otherwise, while “Read, or you will fail.” “The players are either tired or nervous.” Adversative Conjunctions (expressing contrast or opposition) Examples: but, however, nevertheless, only, still, while, whereas, yet “Zara is sad but hopeful.” “He worked hard, yet he could not pass.” Illative Conjunctions (expressing inference or consequence) Examples: as, consequently, for, hence, so, therefore, thus “You can drive my car as you drive carefully.” “He’s going to work in England, so he is learning English.” Subordinating Conjunctions in Detail Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses, which cannot stand alone as complete sentences. They express various relationships: Time: after, before, till, until, since, when, while Place: where, wherever Cause/Reason: as, because, since, that Purpose: lest, in order that, so that, that Condition: unless, if, in case, provided Concession: though, although, even if, even though Correlative Conjunctions in Detail Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to connect grammatically equal sentence elements. Examples: “Last week was as hot as this week.” “Aftab Hossain is both rich and pious.” “The players are either tired or nervous.” Compound Conjunctions Formed by combining two or more words, compound conjunctions express complex relationships. Examples: as if, as soon as, as though, as well as, even if, in as much as, in order that, on condition that, provided that, so that Usage of Some Conjunctions The reference text provides specific examples and explanations for the usage of conjunctions like and, but, so, as/because/for/since, although/though/even if/even though, and or. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the nuanced meanings and relationships conveyed by each conjunction to ensure accurate and effective communication. Key Takeaway Conjunctions play a crucial role in constructing clear and coherent sentences by connecting various elements and expressing their relationships. Mastering the different types of conjunctions and their appropriate usage is essential for effective written and spoken communication. Remember, practice is key! The more you read and write, the more comfortable you will become with using conjunctions correctly and expressively. If you have any further questions or would like more examples, feel free to ask!

Adverb Definition: An adverb is a word that modifies or qualifies other parts of speech, excluding nouns, pronouns, and interjections. It provides additional information about verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or even entire sentences, enhancing our understanding of how, when, where, why, or to what extent something occurs. Examples: “I walk slowly.” (Modifies the verb ‘walk’, indicating the manner of walking) “He is very beautiful.” (Modifies the adjective ‘beautiful’, expressing the degree of beauty) “He walks fast.” (Modifies the verb ‘walks’, describing the speed of walking) Key Points: Adverbs primarily modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They can also modify prepositions, conjunctions, and even entire sentences, though less frequently. Many adverbs are formed by adding ‘-ly’ to adjectives (e.g., slow -> slowly, quick -> quickly). However, some words function as both adjectives and adverbs without changing form (e.g., fast, hard, late). The position of an adverb in a sentence can vary depending on its type and the element it modifies. Classification and Examples: The reference text categorizes adverbs into several types: Simple or Independent Adverbs Adverb of Time (When?): now, then, soon, yesterday, today, tomorrow, daily, always, seldom, ago, often, never, sometimes, after, already, before, since, presently, immediately etc. Adverb of Place (Where?): here, there, upstairs, outside, nearby, far, near, neither, thither, hence, thence, nearby, away, abroad, ahead, overhead, inland, locally, universally. Adverb of Manner (How?): Slowly, suddenly, eagerly, anxiously, carefully, clearly, closely, correctly, bravely, badly, sadly, softly, soundly, swiftly, simply, carelessly, easily, quickly, possibly, probably, luckily, fortunately, naturally, rightly, urgently, wrongly, widely, thus, well. Adverb of Frequency (How often?): always, often, seldom, usually, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, never, ever, regularly, once, twice, thrice, again, weekly. Adverb of Quantity or Degree (How much?): almost, much, nearly, quite, too, very, little, more, enough, slightly, somewhat, rather, partly. Adverb of Affirmation and Negation: Really he is an honest man. Adverb of Cause and Effect: Hence (for that reason), therefore, accordingly, consequently. Adverb of Order (Why?): First, second, secondly, third, last, lastly, etc. Interrogative Adverbs: When, Where, How, How much, Why Relative Adverbs: When, Where, How, How much, Why Note: Words like where, when, how, how much, and why can function as adverbs when they answer questions about a verb or the whole sentence. Position of Adverbs The placement of adverbs in a sentence is governed by certain rules: Modifying Verbs: Adverbs typically follow the verbs they modify. “The class listened attentively to the lecture.” Modifying Adjectives/Adverbs: Adverbs usually precede the adjectives or adverbs they modify. “He is a very good boy.” “He walks very fast.” Specific Adverbs: Some adverbs have specific positions: Frequency Adverbs: Generally placed before the main verb but after the auxiliary verb (or ‘be’ if it’s the main verb). “I always remember the holiday.” “Those cars have just had an accident.” Negative Adverbs: Can be placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, triggering subject-verb inversion. “Hardly do I go to the New Market.” Group Verbs/Phrasal Verbs: In these cases, the preposition functions as an adverb and is placed after the verb and its object. “Please sit down.” “I ran down the road.” Forming Adverbs Adding ‘-ly’: The most common way to form an adverb is to add ‘-ly’ to an adjective. slow -> slowly quick -> quickly beautiful -> beautifully Exceptions: Some words function as both adjectives and adverbs without the ‘-ly’ ending. high (adjective/adverb) fast (adjective/adverb) hard (adjective/adverb) Other Suffixes: Adverbs can also be formed using suffixes like ‘-wards’, ‘-long’, ‘-wise’, and ‘-ways’. home -> homewards side -> sideways other -> otherwise Sequence of Adverbs When multiple adverbs modify the same verb, they generally follow this order: Manner – Place – Time “Bob spoke eloquently at the meeting last night.” Remember: Adverbs enrich your sentences by providing details about actions, states, and other descriptive words. Understanding the different types and their placement will help you construct clear and effective sentences. Pay attention to exceptions and irregular adverb forms. Practice using adverbs in various contexts to improve your writing and speaking skills. Please let me know if you have any other questions or would like more examples!

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives provide more information about the noun or pronoun, such as its size, shape, color, origin, or other characteristics. For example, in the sentence “The big red ball bounced high”, the adjectives are big and red, and they modify the noun ball.   Types of Adjectives There are several different types of adjectives, including: Descriptive adjectives Quantitative adjectives Demonstrative adjectives Possessive adjectives Interrogative adjectives Descriptive Adjectives Descriptive adjectives are the most common type of adjective. They describe the qualities or characteristics of a noun or pronoun. Examples: happy sad big small old new blue green Quantitative Adjectives Quantitative adjectives describe the quantity of a noun or pronoun. Examples: many few some any all most no Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative adjectives point to specific people or things. Examples: this that these those Possessive Adjectives Possessive adjectives show ownership. Examples: my your his her its our their Interrogative Adjectives Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions. Examples: which what whose Why Adjective is Important Adjectives are an important part of speech in English. They are used to provide more information about nouns and pronouns, and they can make sentences more interesting and descriptive.

Pronoun A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns are used to avoid repeating the same noun over and over again. For example, instead of saying “John went to the store and John bought a book”, you can say “John went to the store and he bought a book”. Types of Pronouns There are many different types of pronouns, including: Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns Reflexive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Relative pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Indefinite pronouns Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns are used to refer to people or things. Examples: I you he she it we they me him her us them Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership. Examples: mine yours his hers its ours theirs Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of a verb are the same person or thing. Examples: myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns are used to point to specific people or things. Examples: this that these those Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. Examples: who whom whose which what Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses. Examples: who whom whose which that what Reciprocal Pronouns Reciprocal pronouns are used to show a mutual relationship between two or more people or things. Examples: each other one another Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns are used to refer to people or things in a general way. Examples: someone somebody something anyone anybody anything everyone everybody everything no one nobody nothing none all another any both each either few many most neither one other several some such Why Pronouns Are Important Pronouns are an important part of speech in English. They are used to avoid repetition and to make sentences more concise. Person Subjective Pronoun Objective Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun 1st Person I me My mine myself 1st Person We us Our ours ourselves 2nd Person You you Your yours yourself 2nd Person You you Your yours yourselves 3rd Person It it Its its itself 3rd Person He him His his himself 3rd Person She her Her hers herself 3rd Person They them Their theirs themselves Relative Pronoun Who whom Whose whoever

Noun A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples of nouns include dog, cat, house, car, book, teacher, student, happiness, and freedom. Nouns can be classified into different types, such as common nouns, proper nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, countable nouns, and uncountable nouns. A common noun is a general name for a person, place, or thing. For example, city, boy, and dog are common nouns. A proper noun is a specific name for a person, place, or thing. Proper nouns are always capitalized. For example, Dhaka, Rahim, and Bangladesh are proper nouns. A concrete noun is a noun that can be perceived by the five senses. For example, table, chair, and house are concrete nouns. An abstract noun is a noun that cannot be perceived by the five senses. For example, happiness, freedom, and love are abstract nouns. A countable noun is a noun that can be counted. For example, books, boys, and cats are countable nouns. An uncountable noun is a noun that cannot be counted. For example, water, air, and money are uncountable nouns. Nouns can also be singular or plural. A singular noun refers to one person, place, or thing. For example, cat is a singular noun. A plural noun refers to more than one person, place, or thing. For example, cats is a plural noun. Nouns can be used in different ways in a sentence. They can be the subject of the sentence, the object of the verb, the object of a preposition, or the complement of a verb or adjective. The subject of the sentence is the person, place, or thing that is doing the action of the verb. For example, in the sentence, The cat sat on the mat, the subject of the sentence is cat. The object of the verb is the person, place, or thing that is receiving the action of the verb. For example, in the sentence The boy kicked the ball, the object of the verb is ball. The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that comes after a preposition. For example, in the sentence The book is on the table, the object of the preposition is table. The complement of a verb or adjective is the noun or pronoun that completes the meaning of the verb or adjective. For example, in the sentence The man is a teacher, the complement of the verb is teacher. Nouns are an important part of speech in English. They are used to name people, places, things, and ideas, and they can be used in many different ways in a sentence. let’s go through the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) related to nouns along with their explanations, as presented in the reference text. MCQs on Nouns Which one of the following is the correct sentence? A. Shaon is the actress and singer. B. Shaon is both the actress and singer. C. Shaon is both an actress and a singer. D. Shaon is a actress and singer. Answer: C Explanation: When referring to multiple professions or roles, we use the indefinite article (‘a’ or ‘an’) before each noun. ‘Actress’ and ‘singer’ are distinct roles, so both require the article. Which of the following is correct? A. The Tajmahal is one of the wonders of the world. B. Sahara is in Africa. C. The Ganges flows down from the Himalayas. D. Bay of Bengal lies to the south of Bangladesh. Answer: A + C Explanation: A is correct because ‘The Taj Mahal’ is a specific monument, requiring the definite article ‘the’. Additionally, ‘one of the wonders’ is a standard phrase. B is incorrect because ‘Sahara’ is a proper noun (name of a desert) and doesn’t need an article. C is correct because ‘The Ganges’ and ‘The Himalayas’ are specific geographical entities, necessitating the definite article. D is incorrect because ‘Bay of Bengal’ is a proper noun and doesn’t require an article. ___ love is such ___ beautiful thing. A. no article, a B. a, no article C. the, a D. a, the Answer: A Explanation: ‘Love’ is an abstract noun typically used without an article in a general sense. ‘A beautiful thing’ is a standard phrase with the indefinite article ‘a’. Do you know the name of ___ artist who painted this portrait? A. a B. no article C. an D. the Answer: D Explanation: The definite article ‘the’ is used here because the artist is specific – the one who painted the portrait in question. One of Akbar’s most vigorous opponents during his lifetime had been ___ outstanding scholar Sheikh Ahmed and, like Akbar, he was also venerated as ___ perfect man by his own disciples. A. the, the B. an, a C. an, the D. the, a Answer: B Explanation: ‘An outstanding scholar’ uses the indefinite article ‘an’ because it refers to one among many outstanding scholars. ‘A perfect man’ uses ‘a’ because it signifies one of many individuals considered perfect by his disciples. Which one of the following is the correct sentence? A. All that glitters is not to be gold. B. All that glitters is not gold. C. All that glitter is not gold. D. All that glitters are not gold. Answer: B Explanation: The correct proverb is “All that glitters is not gold.” ‘All that glitters’ is considered a singular subject, requiring a singular verb (‘is’). ‘Glitter’ is a verb, not a noun, so option C is incorrect. We have a lot of ____ to do in summer. A. many works B. much works C. a lot of work D. a lot of works Answer: C Explanation: ‘Work’ is an uncountable noun and cannot be pluralized. ‘Much’ is used with uncountable nouns, while ‘many’ is for countable nouns. ‘A lot of’ can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. I saw a thirteen-____ old boy swimming in the river. A. years B. year C. years’ D. year’s Answer: B Explanation: When using a number to describe age, we use a

Part of Speech   A part of speech is a category of words that have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similar syntactic behavior—they play similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences—and sometimes similar morphology in that they undergo inflection for similar properties. In English, the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Noun: A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples of nouns include dog, cat, house, car, book, teacher, student, happiness, and freedom. Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase. Examples of pronouns include he, she, it, they, we, you, me, him, her, us, and them. Adjective: An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. Examples of adjectives include happy, sad, big, small, old, new, blue, and green. Determiner: A determiner is a word that is used before a noun to specify which noun is being referred to, or to give information about the noun. Examples of determiners include a, an, the, this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. Verb: A verb is a word that describes an action, state, or occurrence. Examples of verbs include run, jump, eat, sleep, think, and feel. Adverb: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Examples of adverbs include quickly, slowly, happily, sadly, very, and really. Preposition: A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. Examples of prepositions include in, on, at, to, from, by, with, and about. Conjunction: A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses. Examples of conjunctions include and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, because, and although. Interjection: An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion. Examples of interjections include wow, ouch, hooray, and oh no. Other speech parts are sometimes used in English, such as articles, numerals, and particles. However, the nine main parts of speech are the most important ones to learn. here are all the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) related to Parts of Speech found within the reference text: Which one of the following is the correct sentence? A. Shaon is the actress and singer B. Shaon is both the actress and singer C. Shaon is both an actress and a singer D. Shaon is an actress and singer Answer: C Which of the following is correct? A. The Tajmahal is one of the wonders of the world B. Sahara is in Africa C. The Ganges flows down from the Himalayas D. Bay of Bengal lies to the south of Bangladesh Answer: A + C ___ love is such ___ beautiful thing. A. no article, a B. a, no article C. the, a D. a, the Answer: A Do you know the name of ___ artist who painted this portrait? A. a B. no article C. an D. the Answer: D One of Akbar’s most vigorous opponents during his lifetime had been ___ outstanding scholar Sheikh Ahmed and, like Akbar, he was also venerated as ___ perfect man by his own disciples. A. the, the B. an, a C. an, the D. the, a Answer: B Which one of the following is the correct sentence? A. All that glitters is not to be gold B. All that glitters is not gold C. All that glitter is not gold D. All that glitters are not gold Answer: B Which one of the following is the correct sentence? A. Shaon is the actress and singer B. Shaon is both the actress and singer C. Shaon is both an actress and a singer D. Shaon is a actress and singer Answer: C Which of the following is the correct English? A. These fruits are eatable but those are poisonous B. She was badly injured by my unkind words C. Mathematics requires reasonable thinking D. The chairman was gracious enough to give us a dinner Answer: D Which one is the correct sentence? A. He is comparatively better today B. He is good today than before C. He is better today D. He is best today than yesterday Answer: C Which one is the correct sentence? A. Why did they went there yesterday? B. Why had they went there yesterday? C. Why did they go there yesterday? D. Why they went there yesterday? Answer: C The incorrect sentence is — A. He prevailed over the enemy B. I was in want of food C. He has a zeal for public work D. The boy is sick for toys Answer: C Correct adjective of the word “Contempt” is A. Contempting B. Contemptible C. Comtemptable D. Contemptation Answer: B The correct sentence is A. I saw him and told everything B. You should no pride of your health C. I shall avail myself of the morning bus D. He took part in the feast and enjoyed Answer: C Complete the sentence by the appropriate word in the gap from the words given below. “Though Bangladesh is a riverine country, ____ it faces scarcity of flowing water.” A. yet B. but C. always D. occasionally Answer: A Which one of the following is the correct sentence? A. ‘Shaon’ is the actress and singer B. ‘Shaon’ is both the actress and singer C. ‘Shaon’ is both an actress and a singer D. ‘Shaon’ is a actress and singer Answer: C Which of the following sentence is correct? A. India is trying to eatch up with the advanced countries B. A drawing man catches up straw C. He cast about his shoes D. He is casting off for an opportunity Answer: A Which one of the following sentence is incorrect? A. The patient has died of cholera B. She was married with a rich man C. I hope he will succeed