Certainly, let’s break down the detailed notes on Vocabulary as presented in the reference text, covering the sections you’ve specified.
Vocabulary
This comprehensive section aims to enhance learners’ vocabulary and understanding of word usage in English. It covers various aspects of vocabulary building, including definitions, expressions, single-word substitutions, synonyms, antonyms, idioms, and phrases.
1. Definition of Words (Pages 177-178)
This subsection likely provides concise definitions for a selection of words, aiding learners in grasping their precise meanings. It emphasizes the importance of understanding word definitions to use them accurately in context.
Example:
- Protocol: A record of rules.
- Minute: A written record.
- Officialese: Language used in offices.
2. Expressions (Page 178)
This part likely focuses on common expressions or phrases used in English, highlighting their meanings and appropriate usage. It could include idiomatic expressions, collocations, or fixed phrases that contribute to natural and fluent language use.
Example:
- Fait accompli: A thing that has been done and cannot be altered now.
- Lingua franca: The common language, a mixed language.
- Dilly dally: To waste time.
3. Substitution of Single Words (Pages 178-185)
This subsection likely presents exercises or examples where learners are asked to replace phrases or clauses with single words that convey the same meaning. This practice helps develop conciseness and precision in language expression.
Example:
- Study of religion: Theology
- Study of heredity: Genetics
- Study of coins: Numismatics
4. Synonyms & Antonyms (Pages 185-203)
This extensive subsection likely provides lists of synonyms (words with similar meanings) and antonyms (words with opposite meanings) for a wide range of words. It emphasizes the importance of understanding word relationships to expand vocabulary and express ideas with greater nuance.
Example:
- Synonym: Abandon – give up, discontinue
- Antonym: Abandon – retain, support
5. Idioms & Phrases (Pages 204-212)
This subsection likely presents a collection of English idioms and phrases along with their Bengali translations. Idioms are expressions whose meanings cannot be deduced from the literal meanings of their individual words. Understanding idioms is crucial for comprehending natural and colloquial English.
Example:
- A bed of roses: A pleasant or comfortable situation
- A greenhorn: An inexperienced person
- A hair-breadth escape: A very narrow escape
Overall, the “Vocabulary” section offers a multifaceted approach to vocabulary development. By exploring word definitions, expressions, single-word substitutions, synonyms, antonyms, idioms, and phrases, learners can significantly enhance their understanding and usage of English words, leading to improved communication skills and greater fluency.
Let me know if you have any other questions or would like to explore any of these vocabulary aspects in more detail!
