Number

Number বা বচন সম্পর্কিত ইংরেজি গ্রামার

সংজ্ঞা:
ইংরেজি ব্যাকরণে Number বা বচন হলো এমন একটি ব্যাকরণিক ধারণা যা শব্দের সংখ্যা নির্দেশ করে। এটি মূলত দুটি প্রকার: একবচন (Singular) এবং বহুবচন (Plural)।

• একবচন (Singular): এটি একটি মাত্র ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা ধারণা বোঝায়।

• বহুবচন (Plural): এটি একাধিক ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা ধারণা বোঝায়।

প্রকারভেদ:

1. একবচন (Singular):
   উদাহরণ: book, pen, child, mouse.

2. বহুবচন (Plural):
   উদাহরণ: books, pens, children, mice.

Singular থেকে Plural এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:

1. সাধারণ নিয়ম:

   • Singular noun-এর শেষে s যোগ করে plural করা হয়।
     উদাহরণ:

     • book → books

     • pen → pens

2. শেষে s, ss, sh, ch, x, z থাকলে:

   • Singular noun-এর শেষে es যোগ করে plural করা হয়।
     উদাহরণ:

     • bus → buses

     • box → boxes

     • brush → brushes

3. শেষে y থাকলে এবং y-এর আগে consonant থাকলে:

   • y-কে i তে পরিবর্তন করে es যোগ করা হয়।
     উদাহরণ:

     • city → cities

     • baby → babies

4. শেষে y থাকলে এবং y-এর আগে vowel থাকলে:

   • শুধু s যোগ করা হয়।
     উদাহরণ:

     • boy → boys

     • toy → toys

5. শেষে f বা fe থাকলে:

   • f বা fe-কে v তে পরিবর্তন করে es যোগ করা হয়।
     উদাহরণ:

     • leaf → leaves

     • knife → knives

6. অনিয়মিত Plural (Irregular Plurals):

   • কিছু noun-এর plural form সম্পূর্ণ ভিন্ন হয়।
     উদাহরণ:

     • child → children

     • mouse → mice

     • man → men

     • woman → women

     • tooth → teeth

     • foot → feet

7. শেষে o থাকলে:

   • কিছু noun-এর শেষে es যোগ করা হয়, আবার কিছু noun-এর শেষে শুধু s যোগ করা হয়।
     উদাহরণ:

     • potato → potatoes

     • tomato → tomatoes

     • photo → photos

     • piano → pianos

8. অপরিবর্তিত Plural (Unchanged Plurals):

   • কিছু noun-এর singular এবং plural form একই থাকে।
     উদাহরণ:

     • sheep → sheep

     • deer → deer

     • fish → fish

9. Compound Noun-এর ক্ষেত্রে:

   • Compound noun-এর শেষের শব্দটিকে plural করা হয়।
     উদাহরণ:

     • mother-in-law → mothers-in-law

     • passer-by → passers-by

বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্য:

• কিছু noun শুধুমাত্র plural form-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  উদাহরণ: scissors, trousers, glasses.

• কিছু noun শুধুমাত্র singular form-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  উদাহরণ: furniture, information, advice.

এই নিয়মগুলি অনুসরণ করে singular noun-কে plural-এ রূপান্তর করা যায়।

 

Number (বচন)

ইংরেজি ব্যাকরণে, Number একটি বিশেষ্য (Noun) বা সর্বনাম (Pronoun) এর সংখ্যা বোঝায়। এটি দুটি প্রকার:

১. Singular Number (একবচন): যখন একটি মাত্র ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা স্থান বোঝায়। উদাহরণ: a book (একটি বই), a cat (একটি বিড়াল), a city (একটি শহর)

২. Plural Number (বহুবচন): যখন একাধিক ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা স্থান বোঝায়। উদাহরণ: books (বই), cats (বিড়াল), cities (শহর)

Plural बनाने के नियम (বহুবচন তৈরির নিয়ম)

1. সাধারণত, বিশেষ্যের শেষে -s যোগ করে বহুবচন করা হয়। উদাহরণ: book – books, pen – pens

2. যদি বিশেষ্যের শেষ অক্ষর -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x বা -z হয়, তাহলে -es যোগ করে বহুবচন করা হয়। উদাহরণ: class – classes, brush – brushes, box – boxes

3. যদি বিশেষ্যের শেষ অক্ষর -y হয় এবং তার আগে একটি consonant (ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ) থাকে, তাহলে -y এর পরিবর্তে -ies যোগ করে বহুবচন করা হয়। উদাহরণ: city – cities, baby – babies

4. যদি বিশেষ্যের শেষ অক্ষর -o হয় এবং তার আগে একটি consonant থাকে, তাহলে -es যোগ করে বহুবচন করা হয়। উদাহরণ: potato – potatoes, tomato – tomatoes

5. কিছু বিশেষ্যের বহুবচন অনিয়মিতভাবে গঠিত হয়। উদাহরণ: man – men, woman – women, child – children

Person (পুরুষ)

ইংরেজি ব্যাকরণে, Person বক্তা (First Person), শ্রোতা (Second Person) বা অন্য কেউ (Third Person) বোঝায়।

1. First Person (প্রথম পুরুষ): বক্তা নিজেকে বা নিজেদের বোঝায়। উদাহরণ: I (আমি), we (আমরা)

2. Second Person (দ্বিতীয় পুরুষ): শ্রোতাকে বোঝায়। উদাহরণ: you (তুমি/তোমরা)

3. Third Person (তৃতীয় পুরুষ): অন্য কেউ বা কিছুকে বোঝায়। উদাহরণ: he (সে), she (সে), it (এটা), they (তারা)

Verb Agreement (ক্রিয়ার মিল)

Number এবং Person অনুযায়ী Verb (ক্রিয়া) এর রূপ পরিবর্তিত হয়। इसे Verb Agreement कहते हैं। कुछ उदाहरण:

• I am a student. (আমি একজন ছাত্র।)

• He is a doctor. (সে একজন ডাক্তার।)

• They are teachers. (তারা শিক্ষক।)

কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়

• কিছু বিশেষ্য সবসময় singular রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয়। উদাহরণ: news, information

• কিছু বিশেষ্য সবসময় plural রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয়। উদাহরণ: people, police

• Collective Nouns (সমষ্টিবাচক বিশেষ্য) singular বা plural উভয় রূপে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে, তাদের অর্থের উপর নির্ভর করে। উদাহরণ: team (দল)

আশা করি এই নোটটি Number এবং Person সম্পর্কে আপনার ধারণা স্পষ্ট করতে সাহায্য করবে। যদি আপনার আরও কোন প্রশ্ন থাকে, তাহলে জিজ্ঞাসা করতে পারেন।

 

Number in English Grammar: Detailed Notes with Rules

In English grammar, Number refers to the form of a word that indicates whether it is singular or plural. Understanding the concept of number is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences. Below is a detailed explanation of Number in English grammar, including all the rules and examples.

1. Definition of Number

• Number is a grammatical category that expresses whether a noun, pronoun, verb, or determiner refers to one (singular) or more than one (plural).
• Singular Number: Refers to one person, animal, thing, or place.
  • Example: book, child, mouse, box
• Plural Number: Refers to more than one person, animal, thing, or place.
  • Example: books, children, mice, boxes

2. Types of Number

There are two types of number in English:

1. Singular Number
2. Plural Number

3. Rules for Forming Plurals

The plural form of most nouns is created by adding -s or -es to the singular form. However, there are many exceptions and special cases. Below are the detailed rules:

A. Regular Plural Formation

1. Add -s to the singular noun:
   • Example: cat → cats, book → books, pen → pens
2. Add -es to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z:
   • Example: bus → buses, glass → glasses, brush → brushes, church → churches, box → boxes, buzz → buzzes
3. Add -es to nouns ending in -o:
   • Example: tomato → tomatoes, potato → potatoes
   • Exception: photo → photos, piano → pianos
4. Change -y to -ies if the noun ends in a consonant + y:
   • Example: baby → babies, city → cities
   • Exception: If the noun ends in a vowel + y, simply add -s.
     • Example: boy → boys, toy → toys
5. Add -s to nouns ending in -f or -fe, but change -f or -fe to -ves in some cases:
   • Example: roof → roofs, belief → beliefs
   • Exception: leaf → leaves, knife → knives

B. Irregular Plural Formation

Some nouns do not follow the regular rules for plural formation. These are called irregular plurals.

1. Change the vowel or the entire word:
   • Example: man → men, woman → women, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice
2. Add -en or -ren:
   • Example: child → children, ox → oxen
3. No change in form (singular and plural are the same):
   • Example: sheep → sheep, deer → deer, fish → fish
4. Foreign plurals (borrowed from other languages):
   • Example: criterion → criteria, phenomenon → phenomena, analysis → analyses

C. Compound Nouns

For compound nouns, the plural is usually formed by adding -s to the main word.

• Example: mother-in-law → mothers-in-law, passer-by → passers-by

D. Abbreviations, Numbers, and Letters

• Add -s or -’s to form the plural of abbreviations, numbers, and letters.
  • Example: CD → CDs, 1990 → 1990s, A → A’s

4. Subject-Verb Agreement Based on Number

The verb in a sentence must agree with the subject in number. This means:

• Singular subject → Singular verb
  • Example: The cat is on the roof.
• Plural subject → Plural verb
  • Example: The cats are on the roof.

Special Cases:

1. Collective Nouns: Collective nouns (e.g., team, family, group) can take a singular or plural verb depending on whether the group is acting as a single unit or as individuals.
   • Example: The team is playing well. (acting as one unit)
   • Example: The team are arguing among themselves. (acting as individuals)
2. Indefinite Pronouns: Some indefinite pronouns (e.g., everyone, somebody) are always singular, while others (e.g., both, few) are always plural.
   • Example: Everyone is here.
   • Example: Both are correct.

5. Number Agreement with Pronouns

Pronouns must also agree in number with the nouns they replace.

• Singular Pronouns: he, she, it, this, that
  • Example: The book is on the table. It belongs to me.
• Plural Pronouns: they, these, those
  • Example: The books are on the table. They belong to me.

6. Number Agreement with Determiners

Determiners (e.g., this, that, these, those) must agree in number with the noun they modify.

• Singular Determiners: this, that
  • Example: This book is interesting.
• Plural Determiners: these, those
  • Example: These books are interesting.

7. Common Mistakes with Number

1. Incorrect Subject-Verb Agreement:
   • Incorrect: The list of items are on the table.
   • Correct: The list of items is on the table.
2. Incorrect Plural Formation:
   • Incorrect: She has two childs.
   • Correct: She has two children.
3. Confusing Singular and Plural Nouns:
   • Incorrect: The datas are incorrect.
   • Correct: The data is incorrect. (Data is a plural noun, but it is often treated as singular in modern usage.)

8. Practice Exercises

1. Convert the following singular nouns to plural:
   • box, mouse, child, tooth, knife
2. Choose the correct verb:
   • The team (is/are) playing well.
   • Each of the students (has/have) completed the assignment.

9. Conclusion

Understanding Number in English grammar is crucial for constructing accurate and meaningful sentences. By mastering the rules of singular and plural forms, subject-verb agreement, and pronoun usage, you can significantly improve your English language skills. Practice regularly to reinforce these concepts and avoid common mistakes.

 

Detailed Notes on “Number” and “Person” in English Grammar

1. Number in English Grammar

In English, number refers to whether a noun, pronoun, or verb is singular or plural. There are two types of numbers:

• Singular: Refers to one person, thing, or concept.
• Plural: Refers to more than one person, thing, or concept.

Singular vs. Plural

• Singular: Describes only one object, person, or idea.
  • Example: The cat is sleeping.
• Plural: Describes more than one object, person, or idea.
  • Example: The cats are sleeping.

Rules for Forming Plural Nouns

1. For regular nouns: Add -s to the singular noun.
   • Example: book → books
2. For nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh: Add -es.
   • Example: box → boxes, church → churches
3. For nouns ending in a consonant + y: Change y to ies.
   • Example: city → cities
4. For nouns ending in a vowel + y: Add -s.
   • Example: key → keys
5. For nouns ending in f or fe: Change f to v and add -es.
   • Example: wolf → wolves, wife → wives
6. Irregular plurals: Some nouns change completely.
   • Example: man → men, woman → women
7. Unchanging plurals: Some nouns do not change in the plural form.
   • Example: sheep → sheep, deer → deer

Special Cases

• Some nouns are always plural.
  • Example: scissors, trousers, glasses
• Some nouns are always singular.
  • Example: news, mathematics, economics

2. Person in English Grammar

Person in grammar indicates the perspective from which the action is spoken or described. There are three types of person:

First Person

Refers to the speaker or speakers themselves.

• Singular: I (the speaker)
  • Example: I am going to the market.
• Plural: We (the speaker and others)
  • Example: We are going to the market.

Second Person

Refers to the person or people being spoken to.

• Singular and Plural: You (the person or people addressed)
  • Example: You are going to the market.
  • Note: “You” can be singular or plural, depending on context.

Third Person

Refers to the person or people being talked about.

• Singular: He, She, It (refers to one person or thing)
  • Example: He is going to the market.
  • Example: She is reading a book.
  • Example: It is raining.
• Plural: They (refers to multiple people or things)
  • Example: They are playing football.

3. Agreement Between Number and Person

In English, there is an important rule about subject-verb agreement: The subject and verb must agree in both number and person.

Singular Subject with Singular Verb

• Example: She sings beautifully.

Plural Subject with Plural Verb

• Example: They sing beautifully.

Person Agreement

• First Person: Uses verbs like am, are, was, were depending on tense.
  • Example: I am, We are.
• Second Person: Uses are and were.
  • Example: You are, You were.
• Third Person: Uses is and was for singular and are and were for plural.
  • Example: He is, They are.

4. Changing Pronouns According to Number and Person

Pronouns also change according to number and person. Here are the common ones:

Person	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I	We
2nd Person	You	You
3rd Person	He, She, It	They

Example Sentences:

• First Person:
  • I am going to the store.
  • We are going to the store.
• Second Person:
  • You are going to the store.
• Third Person:
  • He is going to the store.
  • They are going to the store.

5. Collective Nouns and Number

A collective noun refers to a group of people or things considered as a single unit. It can be singular or plural based on the context.

• Singular: The team is playing well. (team as a unit)
• Plural: The team are arguing among themselves. (team members individuall

Number and Person in English Grammar: Detailed Notes with Rules

In English grammar, Number and Person are two fundamental concepts that govern the structure of sentences. They determine how nouns, pronouns, and verbs are used in relation to quantity (singular or plural) and the perspective of the speaker (first, second, or third person). Below is a detailed explanation of Number and Person, including all the rules and examples.

1. Number in English Grammar

Number refers to the form of a word that indicates whether it is singular or plural.

A. Types of Number

1. Singular Number: Refers to one person, animal, thing, or place.
   • Example: book, child, mouse, box
2. Plural Number: Refers to more than one person, animal, thing, or place.
   • Example: books, children, mice, boxes

B. Rules for Forming Plurals

1. Regular Plurals:
   • Add -s: cat → cats, book → books
   • Add -es to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z: bus → buses, box → boxes
   • Change -y to -ies if the noun ends in a consonant + y: baby → babies
   • Add -s to nouns ending in a vowel + y: boy → boys
   • Add -es to nouns ending in -o: tomato → tomatoes
   • Change -f or -fe to -ves: leaf → leaves, knife → knives
2. Irregular Plurals:
   • Change the vowel or the entire word: man → men, foot → feet
   • Add -en or -ren: child → children, ox → oxen
   • No change in form: sheep → sheep, deer → deer
   • Foreign plurals: criterion → criteria, phenomenon → phenomena
3. Compound Nouns:
   • Add -s to the main word: mother-in-law → mothers-in-law
4. Abbreviations, Numbers, and Letters:
   • Add -s or -’s: CD → CDs, 1990 → 1990s, A → A’s

C. Subject-Verb Agreement Based on Number

• Singular subject → Singular verb: The cat is on the roof.
• Plural subject → Plural verb: The cats are on the roof.

2. Person in English Grammar

Person refers to the perspective of the speaker or the subject in a sentence. It is categorized into three types:

A. Types of Person

1. First Person: Refers to the speaker or a group including the speaker.
   • Singular: I, me, my, mine
   • Plural: we, us, our, ours
   • Example: I am reading a book. We are going to the park.
2. Second Person: Refers to the person being spoken to.
   • Singular and Plural: you, your, yours
   • Example: You are my best friend. You all need to listen.
3. Third Person: Refers to the person or thing being spoken about.
   • Singular: he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, its
   • Plural: they, them, their, theirs
   • Example: He is a doctor. They are playing football.

B. Verb Conjugation Based on Person

Verbs change their form depending on the person and number of the subject.

1. First Person:
   • Singular: I am a student.
   • Plural: We are students.
2. Second Person:
   • Singular and Plural: You are my friend.
3. Third Person:
   • Singular: He is a teacher. She runs fast.
   • Plural: They are teachers.

C. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person and number.

• Example: John is a good boy. He studies hard. (Third person singular)
• Example: The students are intelligent. They work hard. (Third person plural)

3. Combined Rules for Number and Person

When constructing sentences, number and person must align across subjects, verbs, and pronouns.

A. Subject-Verb Agreement

• First Person Singular: I am happy.
• First Person Plural: We are happy.
• Second Person: You are happy.
• Third Person Singular: He/She/It is happy.
• Third Person Plural: They are happy.

B. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

• First Person: I love my dog. We love our dog.
• Second Person: You love your dog.
• Third Person: He loves his dog. They love their dog.

4. Common Mistakes

1. Incorrect Subject-Verb Agreement:
   • Incorrect: She don’t like apples.
   • Correct: She doesn’t like apples.
2. Incorrect Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement:
   • Incorrect: Everyone should bring their book.
   • Correct: Everyone should bring his or her book.
3. Confusing Person:
   • Incorrect: I and he is going to the market.
   • Correct: He and I are going to the market.

5. Practice Exercises

1. Identify the person and number of the following subjects:
   • I, you, they, she, we
2. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb form:
   • He ____ (is/are) a teacher.
   • They ____ (is/are) playing football.
3. Rewrite the sentences with correct pronoun-antecedent agreement:
   • Each student must bring their notebook.
   • Someone left their bag here.

6. Conclusion

Understanding Number and Person is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences in English. By mastering the rules of singular and plural forms, subject-verb agreement, and pronoun usage, you can significantly improve your language skills. Regular practice will help you avoid common mistakes and use these concepts effectively in both spoken and written English.

This comprehensive note covers all the essential rules and examples related to Number and Person in English grammar. Keep practicing to ensure proper usage!